Observations by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile have found that something may be missing from the theories of how dark matter behaves.
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This missing ingredient may explain why researchers have uncovered an unexpected discrepancy between observations of the dark matter concentrations in a sample of massive galaxy clusters and theoretical computer simulations of how dark matter should be distributed in clusters.
The new findings indicate that some small-scale concentrations of dark matter produce lensing effects that are 10 times stronger than expected.
Dark matter is the invisible glue that keeps stars, dust, and gas together in a galaxy.
This mysterious substance makes up the bulk of a galaxy's mass and forms the foundation of our Universe's large-scale structure.
Because dark matter does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, its presence is only known through its gravitational pull on visible matter in space.
Astronomers and physicists are still trying to pin down what it is.
Galaxy clusters, the most massive and recently assembled structures in the Universe, are also the largest repositories of dark matter.
Clusters are composed of individual member galaxies that are held together largely by the gravity of dark matter.
"Galaxy clusters are ideal laboratories in which to study whether the numerical simulations of the Universe that are currently available reproduce well what we can infer from gravitational lensing," said Massimo Meneghetti of the INAF-Observatory of Astrophysics and Space Science of Bologna in Italy, the study's lead author.
"We have done a lot of testing of the data in this study, and we are sure that this mismatch indicates that some physical ingredient is missing either from the simulations or from our understanding of the nature of dark matter," added Meneghetti.
"There's a feature of the real Universe that we are simply not capturing in our current theoretical models," added Priyamvada Natarajan of Yale University in Connecticut, USA, one of the senior theorists on the team.
"This could signal a gap in our current understanding of the nature of dark matter and its properties, as these exquisite data have permitted us to probe the detailed distribution of dark matter on the smallest scales."
The distribution of dark matter in clusters is mapped by measuring the bending of light the gravitational lensing effect that they produce.
The gravity of dark matter concentrated in clusters magnifies and warps light from distant background objects.
This effect produces distortions in the shapes of background galaxies which appear in images of the clusters.
Gravitational lensing can often also produce multiple images of the same distant galaxy.
The higher the concentration of dark matter in a cluster, the more dramatic its light-bending effect.
The presence of smaller-scale clumps of dark matter associated with individual cluster galaxies enhances the level of distortions.
In some sense, the galaxy cluster acts as a large-scale lens that has many smaller lenses embedded within it.
Hubble's crisp images were taken by the telescope's Wide Field Camera 3 and Advanced Camera for Surveys.
Coupled with spectra from the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT), the team produced an accurate, high-fidelity, dark-matter map.
By measuring the lensing distortions astronomers could trace out the amount and distribution of dark matter.
The three key galaxy clusters, MACS J1206.2-0847, MACS J0416.1-2403, and Abell S1063, were part of two Hubble surveys: The Frontier Fields and the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) programs.
To the team's surprise, in addition to the dramatic arcs and elongated features of distant galaxies produced by each cluster's gravitational lensing, the Hubble images also revealed an unexpected number of smaller-scale arcs and distorted images nested near each cluster's core, where the most massive galaxies reside.
The researchers believe the nested lenses are produced by the gravity of dense concentrations of matter inside the individual cluster galaxies.
Follow-up spectroscopic observations measured the velocity of the stars orbiting inside several of the cluster galaxies to therby pin down their masses.
"The data from Hubble and the VLT provided excellent synergy," shared team member Piero Rosati of the Università degli Studi di Ferrara in Italy, who led the spectroscopic campaign.
"We were able to associate the galaxies with each cluster and estimate their distances."
"The speed of the stars gave us an estimate of each individual galaxy's mass, including the amount of dark matter," added team member Pietro Bergamini of the INAF-Observatory of Astrophysics and Space Science in Bologna, Italy.
By combining Hubble imaging and VLT spectroscopy, the astronomers were able to identify dozens of multiply imaged, lensed, background galaxies.
This allowed them to assemble a well-calibrated, high-resolution map of the mass distribution of dark matter in each cluster.
The team compared the dark-matter maps with samples of simulated galaxy clusters with similar masses, located at roughly the same distances.
The clusters in the computer model did not show any of the same level of dark-matter concentration on the smallest scales -- the scales associated with individual cluster galaxies.
"The results of these analyses further demonstrate how observations and numerical simulations go hand in hand," said team member Elena Rasia of the INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Trieste, Italy.
"With high-resolution simulations, we can match the quality of observations analysed in our paper, permitting detailed comparisons like never before," added Stefano Borgani of the Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy.
Astronomers, including those of this team, look forward to continuing to probe dark matter and its mysteries in order to finally pin down its nature. ■