Rabies virus (RABV) transmitted by dogs is responsible for an estimated 60,000 human deaths per year, especially in Asia and Africa.
Article continues below
If humans bitten by a rabid animal are treated quickly, the disease can usually be prevented. Such post-exposure prophylaxis is expensive and should be reserved for bites from animals with confirmed infection, but testing dogs for rabies in resource-poor settings is challenging.
A study reports that six commercially available rapid rabies tests - which could make testing dogs much easier - fail to reproducibly yield accurate results.
The gold standard for rabies diagnosis is the fluorescence antibody test (FAT), which requires that brain tissue is fixed on microscope slides, stained with fluorescently labelled antibodies, and examined under a fluorescence microscope.
Alternative diagnostics include various assays to detect virus, antigen or viral RNA, the latter based on PCR technology. All of these tests require laboratory equipment, trained staff, and temperature-sensitive reagents.
In response to a call from WHO for better tests for the rapid and economical diagnosis of RABV, several alternatives have been developed.
Lateral flow devices (LFDs) have great potential as field tests: they are rapid and easy to use without the need for special training for implementation and evaluation, and can be shipped and stored at ambient temperatures.
Early studies of rabies LFDs yielded promising results and raised hope for better rabies diagnostic capacity in resource-limited settings.
Following the initially reported prototype, numerous LFDs for rabies diagnosis are now commercially available. Because comprehensive evaluations of these tests have not been published, Conrad Freuling, from the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute in Greifswald, Germany, and colleagues in this study compared six commercially available rabies LFDs.
They examined the sensitivity of the tests (their ability to exclude rabies infection accurately) as well as their specificity (reflecting an accurate positive diagnosis) in comparison with FAT and PCR in over 100 samples from experimentally infected animals and animals infected in the wild.
While all six tests showed good specificity (i.e., they did not come up with "false positives"), the researchers found that none of them demonstrated good sensitivity across the different sample sets.
In fact, more than half of all positive samples (i.e., those with positive FAT and PCR results) yielded "false negative" LFD results. Some LFD tests did better than others, and in some cases specific batches of the same test did better than others, but overall the results were disappointing.
On a positive note, the researchers report that viral RNA can be stored and eventually extracted from the LFDs using standard procedures available at molecular diagnostic laboratories.
In fact, they were able to detect viral RNA after six weeks of storage at room temperature. Thus test strips could be easily shipped by regular mail to a specialized laboratory, not only for a confirmation of the results, but also further characterization of virus isolates. ■
Monsoonal moisture and upper-level impulses will aid in producing diurnal showers and thunderstorms with heavy rain from the Northern/Central Rockies to the Southwest/Southeastern California through Sunday.